Voltaire and Veganism

Hang on, you exclaim, Voltaire was a French writer and philosopher who lived over two hundred years ago. What on earth does he have to do with veganism?

Well, he said something that has resonated down the ages and which has a particular relevance to veganism. So, what DID he say?

“Don’t let perfect be the enemy of good”

Google AI tells us this quote is often attributed to Voltaire. The original French phrase is “Le mieux est l’ennemi du bien,” which translates to “The best is the enemy of the good”.

Why is this quote important? Voltaire used this phrase to encourage people to take practical steps toward improvement, rather than getting stuck chasing perfection.

I think what he meant is that if our aim from the outset is perfection, we may hesitate to even start. Perhaps we’ll abandon our efforts because we can never be good enough. But if we let this happen, if we allow our resolve to be undermined by doubts or feeling that the project dwarfs our puny abilities, we can never progress.

So what if all we can do is our best? Or not even our very best, but something? Surely having a goal in mind and doing what we can do with who we are in our circumstances still takes us down the road towards our goal.

This is very good advice, to be sure. And it’s not the only form in which the idea of moving forward and not simply giving up or procrastinating has been stated. You may have heard of the “if you can’t do everything” fallacy. Google tells us this is a logical fallacy where someone argues that because a solution isn’t perfect or doesn’t address every aspect of a problem, it should be completely disregarded, essentially rejecting any action at all, even if it provides some positive impact; it’s a form of the “Nirvana fallacy.”

OK, so we have pretty good advice that encourages us to go forward rather than giving up or settling for the worst. How does this relate to veganism? Well, I think it sets the tone for how we can apply vegan ethics in our everyday lives, as well as defending against those detractors and bullies who try to undermine our resolve to do better.

Veganism at heart wants us to be fair to other animals when we can do that. Its goals are simple – other animals should be free whenever possible and we should choose not to be cruel to them by our actions.

How we go about this is up to each of us. What counts is believing other animals have an inherent value that demands a duty of fairness from us. If we are honest in that belief, we’ll do what we can to make the best choices we can. Even when they aren’t the most perfect choices. And we are all free to keep on refining the choices we make and finding even better ways to do what we can to make a fairer world for other animals.

Finally, don’t let the bullies get you down. When you hear someone telling you that you are a hypocrite or a failure because you still use a computer, or drive a motor vehicle, or rely on medicines tested on animals, ignore them. What they want is for you to give up, and THAT Voltaire would never have wanted us to do.

Doing something positive is always better than doing nothing.

Why Death is Not a Harm to Another Animal but Killing Might be Wrong

I regard veganism as an ethical stance – that is, veganism is the idea that we include other animals within the scope of our moral concern to treat others fairly and deliver them justice when we can. On rights-based grounds, we can argue that this means we should strive not to violate their basic rights whenever possible. Many people argue this means that – as with people – animals have a right to life. I don’t agree. To see why, I want to explain why I believe death does not harm us but killing might be wrong.

There are two schools of thought about death. On the one hand, it is claimed that death cannot harm us for the simple reason that once dead, we no longer exist. On the other, death harms us by thwarting our plans for the future and robs us of our potential.

I agree with the former view – harm describes a state that only the living can experience. When we seek to prevent others being harmed, we mean that we hope for them to enjoy the good and not suffer the bad. However, that which does not exist cannot experience either the good or the bad. While the process of death can harm us, death itself cannot.

The latter stance at least does lead us in the right direction – thwarting the plans of others is not a harm to them but carries moral weight in regard to our own intentions and actions.

Does this mean that killing another is not a harm? Yes, I would say that is true. Of course the process can cause harm and this can be a wrong while someone lives, but once dead there is no-one to experience any harm. For the individual, being killed does not matter in and of itself (though how that affects the still living might).

Why then should we strive not to kill? I suggest that the reason we should not kill another is because to do so would be to thwart their plans for the future. While being dead and no longer able to achieve one’s goals is not a harm, we should know that when we kill another we are deliberately thwarting their plans and interests. This is an injustice on our part. The wrongness in killing comes not from any harm to our victim but rather from the injustice we aim to perpetrate.

Simply put, when we act to kill someone we set out with the intention of depriving them of future experiences and that is not fair. It is unfair for the same reasons we are acting unjustly any time we seek to thwart someone’s plans without good cause.

To summarise then, death is not a harm for anyone (though the process itself can be). Killing someone is wrong not because it harms them but because we act unjustly when we set out without good cause to thwart their plans for the future. This is unfair. Because veganism asks us to be fair to other animals and prevent injustice, it is wrong to kill other animals without just cause.

Note: Some animals may not have plans for the future of the kind that demand this kind of moral concern on our part (eg many invertebrates). We may have a different kind of moral concern for such animals and many other things in the world but this is not directly within the scope of veganism. Nothing prevents us respecting both kinds of concern.